Understanding How Wind Power Works
Wind is a result of the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and the fact temperatures are always trying to reach an equilibrium (heat is obviously moving to a cooler area). With the rising cost of energy and the destruction of the environment from fossil fuels, it is more and more equitable to harvest this renewable resource.
The benefits of wind energy are that it’s virtually free (after you buy the equipment) and there is no pollution. The disadvantages include the fact that it is not a constant source (the speed varies and many times it is insufficient to provide electricity) and it typically requires about one acre of land.
How Wind Energy Works
The amount of power that is available varies by wind speed. The amount available is called it’s power density which is measured in watts per square meter. Due to this, the U.S. Doe has separated wind energy into classes from 1 to 7. The average wind speed for class 1 is 9.8 mph or less while the average for a class 7 is 21.1 or more. For effective power production, class 2 winds (11.5 mph average speed) are often required.
Generally, wind speeds increase as you get higher above the Earth. For this reason, the normal wind turbine is a part of a tower no less than 30 feet above obstructions. That there are two basic kinds of towers used for residential wind power systems (free standing and guyed). Free standing towers are self supporting and are usually heavier meaning they take special equipment (cranes) to place them. Guyed towers are supported on a concrete base and anchored by wires for support. They typically are not as heavy and most manufacturer’s produce tilt down models which may be easily raised and lowered for maintenance.
The kinetic (moving energy) from the winds is harnessed by a device called a turbine. This turbine consists of airfoils (blades) that capture the energy of the wind and use it to turn the shaft of an alternator (like you have on a car only bigger).
There are 2 basic kinds of blades (drag style and lifting style). We all have seen pictures of old windmills with the large flat blades which are a good example of the drag style of airfoil. Lifting style blades are twisted instead of flat and resemble the propellor of a small airplane.
A turbine is classified as to whether it is made to be installed with the rotor in a vertical or horizontal position and whether the wind strikes the blades or the tower first. A vertical turbine typically requires less land for it’s installation and is an improved option for the more urban areas around the globe. An upwind turbine is designed for the wind to impact the airfoils before it does the tower.
These units ordinarily have a tail on the turbine which is required to keep the unit pointed into the wind. A downwind turbine does not require a tail as the wind acting on the blades tends to keep it oriented properly.
These turbine systems would be damaged if they were to be permitted to turn at excessive speeds. Therefore, units will need to have automatic over-speed governing systems. Some systems use electrical braking systems while some use mechanical type brakes.
The output electricity from the alternator is sent to a controller which conditions it for use in the home. The usage of residential wind power systems requires the home to either remain linked with the utility grid or store electricity in a battery for use when the wind does not blow sufficiently.
When the home is tied to the grid, the surplus electricity that is created by the residential wind power system can be sold to the utility company to lower or even eliminate your power company bill. During times with not enough wind, the home is supplied power from the utility company.
The Price of Wind Energy
Small residential wind power turbines can be an attractive alternative, or addition, to those people needing more than 100-200 watts of power for their home, business, or remote facility. Unlike PV’s, which stay at basically a similar cost per watt independent of array size, wind turbines get cheaper with increasing system size. At the 50 watt size level, for example, a small residential power turbine would cost about $8.00/watt in comparison to approximately $6.00/watt for a Photovoltaic module.
That’s why, everything being equal, Photo voltaic is more affordable for very small loads. As the system size gets larger, however, this “rule-of-thumb” reverses itself.
At 300 watts the turbine costs are down to $2.50/watt, while the PV costs are still at $6.00/watt. For a 1,500 watt wind system the cost is down to $2.00/watt and at 10,000 watts the price of a wind generator (excluding electronics) is down to $1.50/watt.
The author – Mary Jones writes for the residential wind power systems web site, her personal hobby blog dedicated to tips to reduce Carbon dioxide and lower power costs using alternative power sources.